Introduction to PHP PDO

PHP is an open-source general-purpose scripting language, which is widely used for creating dynamic and interactive web pages. PHP can access a large range of relational database management systems such as MYSQL, SQLite, and PostgreSQL. The PHP 5.1 version offered a new database connection abstraction library, which is PHP Data Objects (PDO).

What is PDO?

PDO refers to PHP Data Object, which is a PHP extension that defines a lightweight and consistent interface for accessing a database in PHP. It is a set of PHP extensions which provide a core PDO class and database-specific driver. Each database driver can expose database-specific features as a regular extension function that implements the PDO interface.

Note: We cannot perform any type of database function by using the PDO extension itself. To access a database server, we must use a database-specific PDO driver.

PDO mainly focuses on data access abstraction rather than database abstraction. It provides data-access abstraction layer, which means, regardless of which database we are using, we have to use the same functions provided by that database to issue queries and fetch data. PDO does not provide data abstraction, as it does not rewrite the SQL or emulate missing features.

Advantage of PDO

PDO provides various ways to work with objects and retrieves prepared statements that make work much easier. It is a database access tool in PHP through which we enable uniform access across several databases.

PDO allows comparatively seamless switching between different databases and platforms, which can be easily done by changing the connection string. It does not support database-specific syntaxes.

There are some advantages of PDO as follows:

• Database support
  The PDO extension can access any database which is written for PDO driver. There are several PDO drivers available which are used for FreeTDS, Microsoft SQL Server, Sybase, IBM DB2, Oracle Call Interface, Firebird/Interbase 6, and PostgreSQL databases, among many more.
  The drivers are not available in every system automatically, so we have to find our available drivers and add ones when we need them.
• Database connecting
  There are different syntaxes available to establish the database connection. These syntaxes depend on specific databases. While using PDO, operations must be wrapped in try/catch blocks and utilize the exception technique.
  Usually, only a single connection needs to create, and these connections are closed by programming the database to set as a null.
• Error handling
  PDO permits to use exceptions for error handling. To produce an exception, PDO can be forced into a relevant error mode attribute.
  There are three error modes, i.e., Silent (default), Warning, and Exception. Warning and Exception are more useful in DRY programming.
  1. Silent - It is a default error mode.
  2. Warning - It is useful for debugging.
  3. Exception - This mode allows graceful error handling while hiding data that a person might use to exploit your system.
• Insert and Update
  PDO reduces the commonly used insert and update database operation into a two-step process, i.e.
  Prepare >> [Bind] >> Execute.
  Through this method, we can take full advantage of PDO's prepared statements, which protect against malicious attacks through SQL injection.
  Prepared statements are pre-compiled SQL statements that can be executed multiple times by sending this data to the server. This data, which is used within the placeholder, is automatically protected from the SQL injection attack.

Benefits of using PDO

PDO is the native database driver. There are some benefits of using PDO that are given below:

• Usability - It contains many helper functions to operate automatic routine operations.
• Reusability - It offers the unified API to access multiple databases.
• Security - It uses a prepared statement which protects from SQL injection. A prepared statement is a pre-compiled SQL statement that separates the instruction of the SQL statement from the data.

PDO Classes

There are three PDO classes, which are given below:

• PDO - It represents a connection between PHP and the database.
• PDOStatement - It represents the prepared statement and after the execution of the statement, sets an associated result.
• PDOException - It represents errors raised by PDO.

Databases supported by PDO

1. MySQL
2. PostgreSQL
3. Oracle
4. Firebird
5. MS SQL Server
6. Sybase
7. Informix
8. IBM
9. FreeTDS
10. SQLite
11. Cubrid
12. 4D

Comparison between PDO and MySQLi

To access the database by using PHP, we have mainly two options - MySQLi and PDO (PHP Data Object). MySQLi is a native for PHP that provides faster performance, whereas, most of the experienced developers prefer to work with PDO as it supports a wide variety of database drivers. There are some differences between PDO and MySQLi listed below based on their features.

Which should be preferred between PDO or MySQLi?

Both PDO and MySQLi have their own advantages:

• As we have seen earlier that PDO works on 12 different database systems, whereas MySQL can work only with MySQL database. So, if we want to switch our project to another database, PDO makes it easy. In MySQLi, we have to rewrite the entire code.
• PDO and MySQLi both are Object-Oriented, but MySQLi also offers procedural API. Both support Prepared Statements. Prepared Statements are important for web application security, as it protects from SQL injection.

Requirement

There is no need of external libraries to build this extension.

Installation Process

Step 1: Download the latest XAMPP server from here https://www.apachefriends.org/download.html for different platforms like Windows, Linux, and MacOS.

Note: Here we will discuss the installation process for Windows OS only.

Step 2: Install the XAMPP Server on your system by following these steps.

Step 3: Select the components which you want to install and click on the Next button.

Step 4: Create the new folder with the name xampp at the location where you want to install XAMPP.

Step 5: Click on Next here and move forward. Installation of the XAMPP server will start from here.

Step 6: XAMPP is installed successfully. Click on Finish button.

Step 7: Select the preferred Language.

Step 8: Run the Apache server and MySQL from here (as per the given screenshot).

Step 9: Now, open php.ini from C:/xampp/php/php.ini (where you have installed your XAMPP) and uncomment the extension "php_pdo_mysql.dll" and "php_pdo.dll" (if you are working with MySQL database), or "php_pdo_oci.dll" (if you are working with Oracle database). Now, start working with the database. In PHP 5.1 upper version, it is already set.

Working with PDO

Firstly we need to create a database, so create a database by name myDB from here.

Database Connection

A database connection is always required to interact with the database. So, we need to know the identifier to access database, i.e., location of the database, database name, username, and password.

Now, create the database connection program using PDO in any text editor such as notepad or notepad++ and save it by coonection.php name. Run it on XAMPP server using localhost/80.

Example

Output

Run it on the server using following URL localhost/Xampp/pdoexample/connection.php/ or where you have saved your program.

Handling Connection Error

A PDOException object will be thrown if there is any connection error. We may catch the exception if we want to handle the error condition, or we can also leave it to global exception handler which can be set up by set_exception_handler() function.

Example

In this example, dbUser(user-id) is wrong, so it will throw an exception, as we can see in the output.

Closing the database connection

Output