SPSS

A z-score tells us how many standard deviations away a given value is from the mean. The z-score of a given value is calculated…

An outlier is an observation that lies abnormally far away from other values in a dataset. Outliers can be problematic because they can effect…

Covariance is a measure of how changes in one variable are associated with changes in a second variable. Specifically, it’s a measure of…

A one-way ANOVA is used to determine whether or not different levels of an explanatory variable lead to statistically different results in some response…

The Friedman Test is a non-parametric alternative to the Repeated Measures ANOVA. It is used to determine whether or not there is a statistically significant difference between…

A repeated measures ANOVA is used to determine whether or not there is a statistically significant difference between the means of three or more…

A two-way ANOVA is used to determine whether or not there is a statistically significant difference between the means of three or more independent…

A Kruskal-Wallis Test is used to determine whether or not there is a statistically significant difference between the medians of three or more independent…

A one-way ANOVA is used to determine whether or not there is a statistically significant difference between the means of three or…

A histogram is a type of chart that uses rectangular bars to represent frequencies. It’s a helpful chart for visualizing the distribution of values…